Terry Castle, The Female Thermometer: Eighteenth-Century Culture and the Invention of the Uncanny (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 17. Bergland, The National Uncanny: Indian Ghosts and American Subjects (Hanover and London: University Press of New England, 2000), 5. Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man (New York: Penguin, 1952), 7. Baker Jr, “To Move without Moving: Creativity and Commerce in Ralph Ellison’s Trueblood Episode,” in Blues, Ideology, and Afro-American Literature: A Vernacular Theory (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1984), 172–99. See Irving Howe, “Black Boys and Native Sons,” Dissent 10 (Autumn 1963): 353–68.īarbara Foley, “Ralph Ellison as Proletarian Journalist,” Science and Society 62, no. Robert Penn Warren, “The Unity of Experience,” Commentary 39, no. John Hersey, “A Completion of Personality: A Talk with Ralph Ellison,” in Ralph Ellison: A Collection of Critical Essays (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1974), 10. Robert O’Meally, ed., New Essays on Invisible Man (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 2. Ralph Ellison, Shadow and Act (New York: Vintage Press, 1972), xi. James Baldwin, Notes of a Native Son (Boston: Beacon Press, 1955), 23. Andrews, Francis Smith Foster, and Trudier Harris, eds., The Oxford Companion to African American Literature (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997). Ralph Ellison Maryemma Graham and Amritjit Singh, ed., Conversations with Ralph Ellison (Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1995), 123. Booker, African Americans in the United States Army in World War II (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2008). Womack, Double V: The Civil Rights Struggle of the Tuskegee Airmen (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1994).īryan D. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. Perhaps even worse was the fact that many soldiers returned home after honorable service to find themselves expected to use separate bathrooms and train compartments. 1 Although conditions for African Americans in the military did improve somewhat as the war progressed and they were increasingly able to hold combat rather than menial positions, there was continual racial harassment and little opportunity for career advancement. Black leaders utilized the racial intolerance highlighted by the war in what was referred to as the “double V” campaign: African Americans were urged to support the war effort and ensure victory over fascism abroad, while maintaining the fight against segregation and discrimination for a victory over Jim Crow in America. World War II saw more than one million African Americans in military service, and by 1944 racial tensions within the rigidly segregated army were so problematic that the War Department was forced to prohibit racial discrimination in recreational and transportation facilities in a bid to ease the situation.
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